Preface by Dale F. Eickelman 5 37 synagogues (introduction) 11 Bayt Dakira, André Azoulay and Haïm Zafrani 15 Visits 21

When it wasn’t always easy to be a Moroccan Jew in Israel 33

The diplomacy of aliyah 39 The diplomacy of mediation 51 Madrid, then Oslo and an act of mutual recognition 65 Rabin assassinated, Netanyahu ambushed, Line 18 and Dizengoff 73

Capturing Netanyahu: from Washington Square to the Bar-Ilan speech 81

After Oslo: Washington perseveres and Rabat keeps in touch 93

Trump and Abbas fall out and Abu Dhabi enters the scene 113 Trump, Netanyahu and Morocco 131 Acceleration 149 Benny Gantz in Rabat and Algiers’ reaction 159 Mohammed VI, Israel and the Palestinians 177 Popular kings in Israel 195 Normalization, Oriental Jews and PJD 221

Networks and generations 241

André Azoulay, Serge Berdugo, Jacky Kadoch and Jo O’Hana 257

Rediscovering Moroccan Judaism 271 Culture, politics, diplomacy, religion and business 285

Morocco and Israel: Weaknesses, strengths and paradoxes of a bilateral relationship 307

Chronology 321 Personal index 332 Thematic index 337 Selective bibliography 329 Acknowledgements, disclaimer and dedication 339